Surah Baqarah ayat 198 Tafsir Quran 2:198

﴿لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُوا فَضْلًا مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ۚ فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُم مِّنْ عَرَفَاتٍ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِندَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ ۖ وَاذْكُرُوهُ كَمَا هَدَاكُمْ وَإِن كُنتُم مِّن قَبْلِهِ لَمِنَ الضَّالِّينَ﴾
[ البقرة: 198]

2:198 There is no blame upon you for seeking bounty from your Lord [during Hajj]. But when you depart from 'Arafat, remember Allah at al- Mash'ar al-Haram. And remember Him, as He has guided you, for indeed, you were before that among those astray.

You would not be at fault if you should seek bounty sustenance from your Lord by engaging in commerce at the Pilgrimage this was revealed in response to their aversion to such an idea; but when you press on push on from ‘Arafāt having stood in prayer upon it then remember God after the overnight stay at Muzdalifa by repeating the talbiya sc. labbayka Llāhummā labbayk ‘at thy service O God at thy service’ the tahlīl lā ilāha illā Llāh ‘no god but God’ and making supplications at the Sacred Waymark a mountain at the end of Muzdalifa called Quzah. In one hadīth the Prophet s stood there remembering God and supplicating until his face began to glow brightly according to Muslim; and remember Him as He has guided you to the principal rites of His religion and the rituals of His Pilgrimage the kāf of ka-mā ‘as’ is the particle denoting the reason though previously before His guidance you were astray.

You are absolved to trade for livelihood betaking yourselves to Providence for His bounty. And when you throng back from Mount Arafat then praise Allah thankfully at the Sacred Mount –Muzdalifa- and thankfully extoll His glorious attributes for steering you to the path of righteousness although initially you were lost in the maze of error

Commercial Transactions during Hajj Al-Bukhari reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "`Ukaz, Mijannah and Dhul-Majaz were trading posts during the time of Jahiliyyah.
During that era, they did not like the idea of conducting business transactions during the Hajj season.
Later, this Ayah was revealed: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord. ) during the Hajj season." Abu Dawud and others recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "They used to avoid conducting business transactions during the Hajj season, saying that these are the days of Dhikr.
Allah revealed: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage by trading ).) This is also the explanation of Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, `Ikrimah, Mansur bin Al-Mu`tamir, Qatadah, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and others.
Ibn Jarir reported that Abu Umaymah said that when Ibn `Umar was asked about conducting trade during the Hajj, he recited the Ayah: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage by trading ).
) This Hadith is related to Ibn `Umar with a strong chain of narrators.
This Hadith is also related to the Prophet , as Ahmad reported that Abu Umamah At-Taymi said, "I asked Ibn `Umar, `We buy ( and sell during the Hajj ), so do we still have a valid Hajj' He said, `Do you not perform Tawaf around the House, stand at `Arafat, throw the pebbles and shave your heads' I said, `Yes.' Ibn `Umar said, `A man came to the Prophet and asked him about what you asked me, and the Prophet did not answer him until Jibril came down with this Ayah: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage by trading ).) The Prophet summoned the man and said: ( You are pilgrims )." Ibn Jarir narrated that Abu Salih said to `Umar, "`O Leader of the faithful! Did you conduct trade transactions during the Hajj" He said, "Was their livelihood except during Hajj" Standing at `Arafat Allah said: فَإِذَآ أَفَضْتُم مِّنْ عَرَفَـتٍ فَاذْكُرُواْ اللَّهَ عِندَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ ( Then when you leave `Arafat, remember Allah (by glorifying His praises, i.e., prayers and invocations ) at the Mash`ar-il-Haram.) `Arafat is the place where one stands during the Hajj and it is a pillar of the rituals of Hajj.
Imam Ahmad and the Sunan compilers recorded that `Abdur-Rahman bin Ya`mar Ad-Diyli said that he heard Allah's Messenger ﷺ saying:
«الْحَجُّ عَرَفَاتٌ ثَلَاثًا فَمَنْ أَدْرَكَ عَرَفَةَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَطْلُعَ الْفَجْرُ فَقَدْ أَدْرَكَ، وَأَيَّامُ مِنًى ثَلَاثَــةٌ، فَمَنْ تَعَجَّلَ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ، وَمَنْ تَأَخَّر فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيه»
( Hajj is `Arafat, (thrice ).
Hence, those who have stood at `Arafat before dawn will have performed ( the rituals of the Hajj ).
The days of Mina are three, and there is no sin for those who move on after two days, or for those who stay.) The time to stand on `Arafat starts from noon on the day of `Arafah until dawn the next day, which is the day of the Sacrifice ( the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah ).
The Prophet stood at `Arafat during the Farewell Hajj, after he had offered the Zuhr ( noon ) prayer, until sunset.
He said, "Learn your rituals from me." In this Hadith ( i.
e., in the previous paragraph ) he said, "Whoever stood at `Arafat before dawn, will have performed ( the rituals of Hajj )." c`Urwah bin Mudarris bin Harithah bin Lam At-Ta'i said, "I came to Allah's Messenger ﷺ at Al-Muzdalifah when it was time to pray.
I said, `O Messenger of Allah ﷺ! I came from the two mountains of Tayy', and my animal became tired and I became tired.
I have not left any mountain, but stood on it.
Do I have a valid Hajj' Allah's Messenger ﷺ said:
«مَنْ شَهِدَ صَلَاتَنَا هذِهِ، فَوَقَفَ مَعَنَا حَتَّى نَدْفَعَ، وَقَدْ وَقَفَ بِعَرَفَةَ قَبْلَ ذلِكَ لَيْلًا أَوْ نَهارًا فَقَدْ تَمَّ حَجُّهُ وَقَضَى تَفَثَه»
( Whoever performed this prayer with us, stood with us until we moved forth, and had stood at `Arafat before that, day or night, will have performed the Hajj and completed its rituals )." This Hadith was collected by Imam Ahmad and the compilers of the Sunan, and At-Tirmidhi graded it Sلahih.
It was reported that the mount was called `Arafat because, as `Abdur-Razzaq reported that `Ali bin Abu Talib said, "Allah sent Jibril to Prophet Ibrahim and he performed Hajj for him ( to teach him its rituals ).
When Ibrahim reached `Arafat he said, `I have `Araftu ( I know this place ).' He had come to that area before.
Thereafter, it was called `Arafat." Ibn Al-Mubarak said that `Ata' said, "It was called `Arafat because Jibril used to teach Ibrahim the rituals of Hajj.
Ibrahim would say, `I have `Araftu, I have `Araftu.' It was thereafter called `Arafat." Similar statements were attributed to Ibn `Abbas, Ibn `Umar and Abu Mijlaz.
Allah knows best. `Arafat is also called Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram, Al-Mash`ar Al-Aqsa and Ilal, while the mount that is in the middle of `Arafat is called Jabal Ar-Rahmah ( Mount of Mercy ). The Time to leave `Arafat and Al-Muzdalifah Ibn Abu Hatim reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "During the time of Jahiliyyah, the people used to stand at `Arafat.
When the sun would be on top of the mountains, just as the turban is on top of a man's head, they would move on.
Allah's Messenger ﷺ delayed moving from `Arafat until sunset." Ibn Marduwyah related this Hadith and added, "He then stood at Al-Muzdalifah and offered the Fajr ( Dawn ) prayer at an early time.
When the light of dawn broke, he moved on." This Hadith has a Hasan chain of narrators.
The long Hadith that Jabir bin `Abdullah narrated, which Muslim collected, stated, "The Prophet kept standing there ( meaning at `Arafat ) until sunset, when the yellow light had somewhat gone and the disc of the sun had disappeared.
Then, the Prophet made Usamah sit behind him, and in order to keep her under control, pulled the nose string of Al-Qaswa' so hard, that its head touched the saddle.
He gestured with his right hand and said, "Proceed calmly people, calmly!" Whenever he happened to pass over an elevated tract of sand, he lightly loosened the nose string of his camel till she climbed up and this is how they reached Al-Muzdalifah.
There, he led the Maghrib ( Evening ) and `Isha' ( Night ) prayers with one Adhan and two Iqamah ( which announces the imminent start of the acts of the prayer ) and did not glorify Allah in between them ( i.e., he did not perform voluntary Rak`ah ).
Allah's Messenger ﷺ then laid down till dawn and offered the Fajr ( Dawn ) prayer with Adhan and Iqamah, when the morning light was clear.
He again mounted Al-Qaswa', and when he came to Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram, he faced towards Qiblah, supplicated to Allah, glorifying Him and saying, La ilaha illallah, and he continued standing until the daylight was very clear.
He then went quickly before the sun rose." It is reported in the Two Sahihs that Usamah bin Zayd was asked, "How was the Prophet's pace when he moved" He said, "Slow, unless he found space, then he would go a little faster." Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram `Abdur-Razzaq reported that Ibn `Umar said that all of Al-Muzdalifah is Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram.
It was reported that Ibn `Umar was asked about Allah's statement: فَاذْكُرُواْ اللَّهَ عِندَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ ( ...remember Allah (by glorifying His praises, i.e., prayers and invocations ) at the Mash`ar-il-Haram.) He said, "It is the Mount and the surrounding area." It was reported that Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram is what is between the two Mounts ( refer to the following Hadith ), as Ibn `Abbas, Sa`id bin Jubayr, `Ikrimah, Mujahid, As-Suddi, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, Al-Hasan and Qatadah have stated. Imam Ahmad recorded that Jubayr bin Mut`im narrated that the Prophet said:
«كُلُّ عَرَفَاتٍ مَوْقِفٌ، وَارْفَعُوا عَنْ عُرَنَةَ، وَكُلُّ مُزْدَلِفَةَ مَوْقِفٌ، وَارْفَعُوا عَنْ مُحَسِّرٍ، وَكُلُّ فِجَاجِ مَكَّةَ مَنْحَرٌ، وَكُلُّ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ ذَبْح»
( All of `Arafat is a place of standing, and keep away from `Uranah.
All of Al-Muzdalifah is a place for standing, and keep away from the bottom of Muhassir.
All of the areas of Makkah are a place for sacrifice, and all of the days of Tashriq are days of sacrifice. ) Allah then said: وَاذْكُرُوهُ كَمَا هَدَاكُمْ ( And remember Him (by invoking Allah for all good ) as He has guided you.
) This Ayah reminds Muslims of Allah's bounty on them that He has directed and taught them the rituals of Hajj according to the guidance of Prophet Ibrahim Al-Khalil.
This is why Allah said: وَإِن كُنتُمْ مِّن قَبْلِهِ لَمِنَ الضَّآلِّينَ ( ...and verily, you were, before, of those who were astray. ) It was said that this Ayah refers to the condition before the guidance or the Qur'an or the Messenger , all of which are correct meanings.

(2:198) And there is nothing wrong if you also seek the bounty of your Lord during the pilgrimage. *218 Moreover, when you return from 'Arafat, stay at Mash'aril-Haram (Muzdalifah) and remember Allah. And remember Him just as He has enjoined you, for you had gone astray before this. *219

There is no blame upon you for meaning

*218).
This was another misconception entertained by the pre-Islamic Arabs.
They considered it objectionable to do anything relating to one's livelihood during the Pilgrimage.
In their view earning one's living was an act of pure worldliness and hence it was bad to indulge in it while engaged in the performance of a religious duty.
The Qur'an refutes this and expounds the view that if a person strives to earn his living while observing fully the laws of God his action is tantamount to seeking God's grace and bounty.
( See 62: 10 - Ed. ) It is no sin if a man sets out to seek God's good pleasure and during the same journey tries to combine that purpose with the quest for permissible worldly benefits.

*219).
The Muslims were asked to give up all those polytheistic and pagan practices that had arisen among the Arabs during the Age of Ignorance and which ran alongside the worship of God thereby adulterating the latter.
They were required to consecrate their worship and adoration to God alone according to the guidance He had now revealed through the Prophet.

 

Commercial Transactions during Hajj Al-Bukhari reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "`Ukaz, Mijannah and Dhul-Majaz were trading posts during the time of Jahiliyyah.
During that era, they did not like the idea of conducting business transactions during the Hajj season.
Later, this Ayah was revealed: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord. ) during the Hajj season." Abu Dawud and others recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "They used to avoid conducting business transactions during the Hajj season, saying that these are the days of Dhikr.
Allah revealed: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage by trading ).) This is also the explanation of Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, `Ikrimah, Mansur bin Al-Mu`tamir, Qatadah, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and others.
Ibn Jarir reported that Abu Umaymah said that when Ibn `Umar was asked about conducting trade during the Hajj, he recited the Ayah: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage by trading ).
) This Hadith is related to Ibn `Umar with a strong chain of narrators.
This Hadith is also related to the Prophet , as Ahmad reported that Abu Umamah At-Taymi said, "I asked Ibn `Umar, `We buy ( and sell during the Hajj ), so do we still have a valid Hajj' He said, `Do you not perform Tawaf around the House, stand at `Arafat, throw the pebbles and shave your heads' I said, `Yes.' Ibn `Umar said, `A man came to the Prophet and asked him about what you asked me, and the Prophet did not answer him until Jibril came down with this Ayah: لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَبْتَغُواْ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ( There is no sin on you if you seek the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage by trading ).) The Prophet summoned the man and said: ( You are pilgrims )." Ibn Jarir narrated that Abu Salih said to `Umar, "`O Leader of the faithful! Did you conduct trade transactions during the Hajj" He said, "Was their livelihood except during Hajj" Standing at `Arafat Allah said: فَإِذَآ أَفَضْتُم مِّنْ عَرَفَـتٍ فَاذْكُرُواْ اللَّهَ عِندَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ ( Then when you leave `Arafat, remember Allah (by glorifying His praises, i.e., prayers and invocations ) at the Mash`ar-il-Haram.) `Arafat is the place where one stands during the Hajj and it is a pillar of the rituals of Hajj.
Imam Ahmad and the Sunan compilers recorded that `Abdur-Rahman bin Ya`mar Ad-Diyli said that he heard Allah's Messenger ﷺ saying: «الْحَجُّ عَرَفَاتٌ ثَلَاثًا فَمَنْ أَدْرَكَ عَرَفَةَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَطْلُعَ الْفَجْرُ فَقَدْ أَدْرَكَ، وَأَيَّامُ مِنًى ثَلَاثَــةٌ، فَمَنْ تَعَجَّلَ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ، وَمَنْ تَأَخَّر فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيه» ( Hajj is `Arafat, (thrice ).
Hence, those who have stood at `Arafat before dawn will have performed ( the rituals of the Hajj ).
The days of Mina are three, and there is no sin for those who move on after two days, or for those who stay.) The time to stand on `Arafat starts from noon on the day of `Arafah until dawn the next day, which is the day of the Sacrifice ( the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah ).
The Prophet stood at `Arafat during the Farewell Hajj, after he had offered the Zuhr ( noon ) prayer, until sunset.
He said, "Learn your rituals from me." In this Hadith ( i.
e., in the previous paragraph ) he said, "Whoever stood at `Arafat before dawn, will have performed ( the rituals of Hajj )." c`Urwah bin Mudarris bin Harithah bin Lam At-Ta'i said, "I came to Allah's Messenger ﷺ at Al-Muzdalifah when it was time to pray.
I said, `O Messenger of Allah ﷺ! I came from the two mountains of Tayy', and my animal became tired and I became tired.
I have not left any mountain, but stood on it.
Do I have a valid Hajj' Allah's Messenger ﷺ said: «مَنْ شَهِدَ صَلَاتَنَا هذِهِ، فَوَقَفَ مَعَنَا حَتَّى نَدْفَعَ، وَقَدْ وَقَفَ بِعَرَفَةَ قَبْلَ ذلِكَ لَيْلًا أَوْ نَهارًا فَقَدْ تَمَّ حَجُّهُ وَقَضَى تَفَثَه» ( Whoever performed this prayer with us, stood with us until we moved forth, and had stood at `Arafat before that, day or night, will have performed the Hajj and completed its rituals )." This Hadith was collected by Imam Ahmad and the compilers of the Sunan, and At-Tirmidhi graded it Sلahih.
It was reported that the mount was called `Arafat because, as `Abdur-Razzaq reported that `Ali bin Abu Talib said, "Allah sent Jibril to Prophet Ibrahim and he performed Hajj for him ( to teach him its rituals ).
When Ibrahim reached `Arafat he said, `I have `Araftu ( I know this place ).' He had come to that area before.
Thereafter, it was called `Arafat." Ibn Al-Mubarak said that `Ata' said, "It was called `Arafat because Jibril used to teach Ibrahim the rituals of Hajj.
Ibrahim would say, `I have `Araftu, I have `Araftu.' It was thereafter called `Arafat." Similar statements were attributed to Ibn `Abbas, Ibn `Umar and Abu Mijlaz.
Allah knows best. `Arafat is also called Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram, Al-Mash`ar Al-Aqsa and Ilal, while the mount that is in the middle of `Arafat is called Jabal Ar-Rahmah ( Mount of Mercy ). The Time to leave `Arafat and Al-Muzdalifah Ibn Abu Hatim reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "During the time of Jahiliyyah, the people used to stand at `Arafat.
When the sun would be on top of the mountains, just as the turban is on top of a man's head, they would move on.
Allah's Messenger ﷺ delayed moving from `Arafat until sunset." Ibn Marduwyah related this Hadith and added, "He then stood at Al-Muzdalifah and offered the Fajr ( Dawn ) prayer at an early time.
When the light of dawn broke, he moved on." This Hadith has a Hasan chain of narrators.
The long Hadith that Jabir bin `Abdullah narrated, which Muslim collected, stated, "The Prophet kept standing there ( meaning at `Arafat ) until sunset, when the yellow light had somewhat gone and the disc of the sun had disappeared.
Then, the Prophet made Usamah sit behind him, and in order to keep her under control, pulled the nose string of Al-Qaswa' so hard, that its head touched the saddle.
He gestured with his right hand and said, "Proceed calmly people, calmly!" Whenever he happened to pass over an elevated tract of sand, he lightly loosened the nose string of his camel till she climbed up and this is how they reached Al-Muzdalifah.
There, he led the Maghrib ( Evening ) and `Isha' ( Night ) prayers with one Adhan and two Iqamah ( which announces the imminent start of the acts of the prayer ) and did not glorify Allah in between them ( i.e., he did not perform voluntary Rak`ah ).
Allah's Messenger ﷺ then laid down till dawn and offered the Fajr ( Dawn ) prayer with Adhan and Iqamah, when the morning light was clear.
He again mounted Al-Qaswa', and when he came to Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram, he faced towards Qiblah, supplicated to Allah, glorifying Him and saying, La ilaha illallah, and he continued standing until the daylight was very clear.
He then went quickly before the sun rose." It is reported in the Two Sahihs that Usamah bin Zayd was asked, "How was the Prophet's pace when he moved" He said, "Slow, unless he found space, then he would go a little faster." Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram `Abdur-Razzaq reported that Ibn `Umar said that all of Al-Muzdalifah is Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram.
It was reported that Ibn `Umar was asked about Allah's statement: فَاذْكُرُواْ اللَّهَ عِندَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ ( ...remember Allah (by glorifying His praises, i.e., prayers and invocations ) at the Mash`ar-il-Haram.) He said, "It is the Mount and the surrounding area." It was reported that Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram is what is between the two Mounts ( refer to the following Hadith ), as Ibn `Abbas, Sa`id bin Jubayr, `Ikrimah, Mujahid, As-Suddi, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, Al-Hasan and Qatadah have stated. Imam Ahmad recorded that Jubayr bin Mut`im narrated that the Prophet said: «كُلُّ عَرَفَاتٍ مَوْقِفٌ، وَارْفَعُوا عَنْ عُرَنَةَ، وَكُلُّ مُزْدَلِفَةَ مَوْقِفٌ، وَارْفَعُوا عَنْ مُحَسِّرٍ، وَكُلُّ فِجَاجِ مَكَّةَ مَنْحَرٌ، وَكُلُّ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ ذَبْح» ( All of `Arafat is a place of standing, and keep away from `Uranah.
All of Al-Muzdalifah is a place for standing, and keep away from the bottom of Muhassir.
All of the areas of Makkah are a place for sacrifice, and all of the days of Tashriq are days of sacrifice. ) Allah then said: وَاذْكُرُوهُ كَمَا هَدَاكُمْ ( And remember Him (by invoking Allah for all good ) as He has guided you.
) This Ayah reminds Muslims of Allah's bounty on them that He has directed and taught them the rituals of Hajj according to the guidance of Prophet Ibrahim Al-Khalil.
This is why Allah said: وَإِن كُنتُمْ مِّن قَبْلِهِ لَمِنَ الضَّآلِّينَ ( ...and verily, you were, before, of those who were astray. ) It was said that this Ayah refers to the condition before the guidance or the Qur'an or the Messenger , all of which are correct meanings.

( It is no sin ) there is no constraint ( for you that ye seek the bounty of your Lord (by trading )) by engaging in trade in the Sacred Precinct. This was revealed about a group of people who were against buying and selling in the Sacred Precinct, and so legal dispensation was given to allow it. ( But, when you press on in the multitude from ’Arafat ) when you return from ’Arafat to the Sacred monument, ( remember Allah ) with your heart and tongue ( by the Sacred monument. Remember Him as He hath guided you, although before ) before Muhammad ( pbuh ) the Qur’an and Islam ( ye were of the astray ) among the unbelievers.

There is no sin on you if you seek the Bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage by trading, etc.). Then when you leave 'Arafat, remember Allah (by glorifying His Praises, i.e. prayers and invocations, etc.) at the Mash'ar-il-Haram. And remember Him (by invoking Allah for all good, etc.) as He has guided you, and verily, you were, before, of those who were astray.

Page 31 English transliteration